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Poland - Historical flags since 1916

Polish State (November 1916)
National flag on land (1919)
Civil ensign (1919)
War ensign (1919)
Presidential Standard (1919)
Coat of Arms (1919)

See also:

Poland
Polish military flags for more historical flags of Poland

Polish State (November 1916)

image by Jaume Ollé, 28 October 2001

With the German occupation of Poland (1915-1916), Marshall Hindenburg entered Warsaw in summer 1916 and later the German forces entered Galitzia. The Polish legions went over to the Germans and the Czar hastened to grant autonomy to the ancient Kingdom. Germany answered by proclaiming the independence of Poland from Russia, but not determining what kind of government had to take over the new country, that remained under a military occupation regime. Anyway, it was clear that the new Poland could only encompass the Russian territories, and perhaps the Austrian Galitzia, but it would not affect the Polish territories under Prussian administration.

Polish Kingdom (1917)
After some months the central powers agreed to create a Kingdom of Poland and in September 1917 it was constituted a regency headed by the archbishop of Warsaw Mgr A. Kakowski, the mayor of the capital, prince Lubomirski, and Joseph Von Ostrowski. It was also appointed a cabinet with limited powers for the country's civil administration, chaired by J. Kucharzewski, substituted in spring 1918 by Steczkowski, after the peace treaty of the central Powers with Ukraine assigned to this country the district of Kholm, that the Poles considered had to form part of Poland. The new government pressed Germany to review the peace Treaty, obtaining that part of Kholm returned to Poland.

Polish Republic (November 1918)
After the collapse of the German front in November 1918, the socialists took the control of Krakow on 3 November and on 6 November the socialist leader Dazynski proclaimed the Polish Peoples Republic in that town, then heading a leftist government. This government took over part of the country, but was later dissolved after Marshall Pilsudski assumed the control of the country. The government of the regency, now headed by Moraczewski, that controlled Warsaw and a part of the country, claimed the only representation of Poland and thanks to the support of the Polish military forces under the command of Marshall Pilsudski, managed to impose its authority in most of the country. Pilsudski, after collaborating with the Germans, had broken with them in July 1917, and was sent to Magdebourg, but returned in time. On 14 November Pilsudski was proclaimed Chief of State. On 17 November Poznan fell also under Polish control. The head of the National Council, who was a refugee in Paris, returned to Warsaw, and substituted Moraczewski. The Polish forces invaded Galitcia and took Lemberg (Lvov) on 23 November In February 1919 the Constituent Assembly was under the control of the followers of Paderewski, and Pilsudski was confirmed as provisional president. In November 1919 the Constituent Assembly approved the new Constitution. The bicolor flag, white over red, flew in demonstrations in Warsaw on 3 May 1916. The government of the regency used de facto these colors but did not adopt them officially. They were also used by the Polish National Council in Paris (1916-18) and in Galicia (1917-1918). The Polish Republic used also these colors and adopted them as national flag on 1 August 1919, with the shade of red much darker that the current one. Same day were adopted the arms. Flag was adopted by Republic (1 August 1919) as civil land flag. Shade was fixed as crimson (later from crimson was moved to cinnabar in 1928, and, 1980, to medium red). For the arms see below
Jaume Ollé, 28 Oct 2001