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![[UK naval ensign]](../images/g/gb~we.gif)
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by Martin Grieve, 10 July 2007
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In origin there were three naval squadrons, of the Red, White and Blue, and they took these colours from those of the Union Jack. The division was made in the 1680s, if I remember correctly. Because the Red Ensigns of England and Scotland had already been established as merchant flags a Red Ensign with the Union in the canton became the merchant flag of Great Britain upon Union in 1707. This led to potential confusion - was that ship a merchantman or a member of the red squadron?
In 1864 it was decided to end this anomaly. Henceforth the White Ensign was reserved to the Royal Navy; the Blue Ensign undefaced to the Royal Naval Reserve and defaced with the appropriate departmental or territorial badge to government service; and the Red Ensign to the 'merchant navy' (as the term is in Britain).
Roy Stilling, 6 July 1996
I quote from the 1951 Admiralty Manual of Seamanship;
All H.M. ships in commission wear the White Ensign. It is worn at the ensign staff when in harbour; it is also worn at the ensign staff at sea whenever possible, but in bad weather, or when cleared for action, or during war, it is worn at the peak of the gaff on the mainmast, or on a suitable staff mounted in the after part of the ship.I think that nothing has changed since then, except that the Navy now consists mainly of small ships in which, when at sea, it is usually more practical to fly the ensign from a mast rather than the ensign staff, particularly since many operate helicopters over the stern.
The White Ensign is flown at the peak of all Royal Navy/Royal Marines
shore establishments, commanded by a commissioned officer, regardless of
distance from the sea. There used to be a Naval Air Station near
Nottingham, almost as far from the sea as you can get in Britain, but it
was called H.M.S. Gamecock and flew the White Ensign. I can't remember
if a commissioning pennant is flown at the masthead of shore
establishments.
David Prothero, 14 July 1999
RNAS Bramcote was indeed called HMS Gamecock, but was three miles outside Nuneaton Warwickshire, many miles from Nottingham.
The Navy left in 1959 and shortly after,it was taken over by the Army who are still there in the form of 30th Signal Regiment.
Peter J. Hill, 4 October 2008
The Queen's Regulations for the Royal Navy, (London: HMSO, 1967)
provides at paragraph 1210 that "In a fleet establishment commissioned as
one of H.M. ships and similarly commanded, the masthead pennant is to be
flown at the head of the flagstaff wherever fitted." From the context,
"similarly commanded" means "commanded by a naval officer".
Joseph McMillan, 4 September 1999
Above the main entrance of the Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall
are three flagpoles with the Royal Navy's white ensign, the British Army
flag, and the RAF ensign flying in that order (from the observer's left to
right).
Joseph McMillan, 23 September
Flying one or more additional flags in battle is a practice common to most
navies. A single ensign might be shot away in the action, giving the impression
that the ship had lowered its colours as a sign of surrender. In the Royal Navy
the Battle Ensign is usually an extra large White Ensign, but during the First
World War, Union Jacks, Blue Ensigns or Red Ensigns were flown as additional
flags in case the White Ensign was mistaken for the rather similar German Naval
Ensign.
David Prothero, 23 February 2006
From the minutes of the 11th Meeting of the Committee for Imperial Defence
held on the 26th May 1911, when the Canadian representatives were persuaded by
some unusual arguments that their naval ships should fly the British White
Ensign rather than the Canadian Blue Ensign.
Mr.Reginald McKenna. (First Lord of the Admiralty).
"There is one matter about which I think I ought to say something here, because
it is a point, I think almost the only point, upon which we have not been able
to come to a final agreement with the representatives of the Dominions in the
matters relating to organisation, training and status - that is the question of
the flag. I cannot help thinking that in the Dominions - in fact at home also -
there is very considerable misunderstanding as to the meaning of our flags.
Every ship of war in the British Navy carries two flags; it may carry more, but
it always carries these two : it carries the Union Jack forward on what is
called the jack-staff, and at the stern it carries the White Ensign. The meaning
of the Union Jack is that that ship of war is a British ship of war, and I can
trace back historically an unbroken record from 1634 that the flag carried upon
the jack-staff is the flag that denotes nationality. The White Ensign on the
other hand does not denote nationality at all. Its history is not so clear as
the history of the Union Jack if you go back centuries. But for many years now
it has had but one meaning. When a ship flies the White Ensign it means that the
officer who commands that ship has received the King's commission. I know there
is a single exception to that, with which I will deal in a moment, but in the
British Navy, and all the world over, that is the meaning of the White Ensign
and nothing else. So true is this that a number of vessels in the British Navy,
such as harbour boats and others, which are not commanded by an officer carrying
the King's commission, do not fly the White Ensign, but the Blue Ensign. The
White Ensign is not a symbol of the British Admiralty nor necessarily of the
British Navy. It is only a symbol of the King's commission. The single exception
to which I referred is the Royal Yacht Squadron. In 1829, when the Duke of
Clarence, subsequently William IV, was Lord High Admiral and a member of the
Royal Yacht Squadron, he secured as a privilege to that club the use of the
White Ensign. They ought not to have had it; but I do not think at that time the
meaning of flags was as well understood, or their distinctive use appreciated,
as it is to-day. There is no doubt that the Admiralty took very stringent steps
subsequent to that period to prevent what had become a common practice of flying
illegal colours. Nobody has taken away the White Ensign from the Royal Yacht
Squadron; it is traditional now, and this exception has been allowed to stand;
but with that exception the White Ensign has only the meaning, that the officer
commanding the ship carries the King's commission."
Asked if the White Ensign of the Royal Yacht Squadron carried any letters on it,
McKenna continued.
"It does not carry any distinctive mark. I give that as the single exception. It
is not an exception of any great extent. The yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron
are never likely to be confounded with men of war; but still it is an exception
and dates back a very long time. There is no other exception and frequently
since 1829 both clubs and individuals have been prevented by the Admiralty from
flying the White Ensign. I understand that it is common ground between us that
every officer in the Imperial Navy, whichever fleet he may be in, whether the
British, Canadian, Australian or New Zealand Fleet (if she had one), or the Cape
Fleet (if she had one), will receive the King's commission, and if the officer
receives the King's commission, he ought to be entitled, when he goes on board
his ship and takes command, to hoist the White Ensign. It is the symbol that he
does carry the King's commission. If you say no, the Blue Ensign is enough for
you, the Admiralty can give the right to hoist the Blue Ensign, it is not the
King's commission and it would be doing the very thing which I have understood
not to be desirable - giving to the British Admiralty the appearance of a power
which they do not claim and do not desire. Nationality ought to be denoted by
the flags on the jack-staff, and they will be different I assume in each fleet.
But the White Ensign ought to be common to all as the symbol that the navy is
the Royal Navy.
Mr.Malan (Minister of Education, South Africa). "What exactly is the difference
of opinion now as regards the flying of the flag, between the Imperial
authorities and the Dominion authorities ?"
McKenna. "As I understand - and Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Prime Minister of Canada)
could perhaps help me here - his representative Mr.Smith, K.C., who came over
here, gave us to understand that your desire was that you should not have the
White Ensign but the Blue Ensign, with a difference."
Mr.Brodeur (Minister of Militia and Defence, Canada). "On the question of the
Blue Ensign, although we are not very particular about the Blue Ensign, we
thought under the King's Regulations which are now in force in Canada, the only
flag we would be allowed to fly would be the Blue Ensign because in the King's
Regulations it is formally stated that 'All vessels belonging to the Dominion
and armed, are obliged to carry the Blue Ensign.' This is what Mr.Smith was
instructed to state."
McKenna. "I was looking at the question more from the point of view of the
future than the past. Of course we should have to pass an Act, but in passing an
Act we should contemplate the White Ensign as in future being the badge of the
King's commission throughout the Imperial Fleet."
Brodeur. "He was instructed also to suggest whether it would not be possible to
have the White Ensign with the arms of Canada in the centre of the Cross like
the maple leaf, for example, or the Canadian arms. Perhaps there might be some
objection to the Canadian arms being used because they are somewhat complicated;
but those Canadian arms might be changed I believe. As you have stated the White
Ensign represents the King's commission. The commissions to be given by the
Dominions are to be given by the representatives of His Majesty. Perhaps it
might be advisable in those circumstances that there should be something
distinctive on the White Ensign to show that the commission that the White
Ensign is supposed to represent has been given by the Dominion."
McKenna. "That is a difficulty. It is a question of the officers themselves.
Your officers will go in our ships and our officers will serve in your ships,
and there ought
to be interchangeability. I think that is common ground between us."
Brodeur. "Yes."
McKenna. "The officer serving in every case will have received the King's
commission, whether directly from the King's own hand or signed by the hand of
the Governor-General."
Brodeur. "I suppose the officer's commissions in the Admiralty, even the
lieutenant's are signed by the King himself."
McKenna. "Yes ; every one."
Brodeur. "In our case they will not be signed by the King, but by the
Governor-General, and in that case, as the commissions which are going to our
officers will not be absolutely the same as the ones given to your officers,
would it not be just as well to have something distinctive upon the flag ?"
McKenna. "Legally, it has precisely the same effect, and very often it will
happen that our battleships will be commanded by your captains and you ships by
our captains."
Brodeur. "Yes ; but when there is a British officer on our ship, the ship of
course will also have the Canadian flag on the jack-staff."
McKenna . "Yes."
Brodeur. "We are speaking of the Blue Ensign which is going to fly astern. Do
not you think in such a case it would be better to have a distinction made
between the two, because commissions will not be given by absolutely the same
authority ? Theoretically it will be the same. but in fact it will not be the
same, because in your case the commission will be signed by the King himself,
and in our case it will be the commission signed by the Governor-General."
McKenna. "It may not be so ; it may be a commission to one of our officers
signed by the King. I think you are really getting, if I may so, into the notion
of the White Ensign something of nationality which does not exist in it.
Nationality is determined by the flag on the jack-staff."
Brodeur. "I will take precisely what you say in that respect - that the White
Ensign represents the commission."
McKenna. "It is one commission whoever signs it, whether the King himself or his
representative."
Brodeur. "As in both cases the commissions are not to be issued by the same
person, would it not be advisable to have a difference ?"
McKenna. "Legally they are by the same person ; they are precisely the same in
effect."
Mr. Herbert Asquith (British Prime Minister). "Suppose this case, which would be
quite possible: a Canadian officer who has received his commission under the
signature of the Governor-General, commanding a British ship. Do you suggest he
should bring with him an ensign marked with a Canadian distinction."
Brodeur. "No, I do not think so in that case."
Asquith "Then take the converse case of a British officer who has received his
commission signed by the King himself commanding a Canadian ship, what ensign is
he to fly ?"
Brodeur. "I think that is a commission that will be represented by the White
Ensign as the nationality of the ship itself."
Asquith. "I am supposing a Canadian ship commanded for the time being by a
British officer who has got his commission signed by the King; what ensign do
you suggest should be flown ?"
Brodeur. "I see a difficulty in such a case."
Asquith. "You see, if there is interchangeability it becomes very difficult to
work it out, whereas the flag on the jack-staff would always indicate what is
the nationality of the vessel. I understand that is the proposal."
McKenna. "It is."
Asquith "The Union Jack shows that it is a British vessel. I do not know what is
the precise symbol you propose to have on the Jack-staff. Would not that be a
more convenient way of indicating the nationality of the ship than by this
difficult question of the commission ? I only throw it out as a suggestion."
Provisional Agreement.
82.C.1. The United Kingdom, Australian and Canadian Fleets to be sister members
of the King's Navy, hoisting a common ensign, the White Ensign, as the symbol of
the authority of the Crown, and each flying in addition its own distinctive flag
forward on the jack-staff.
[National Archives (PRO) CAB 38/18. On microfilm item 40]
David Prothero
Should a visiting warship display a "courtesy ensign" at all and, if so, in
the case of British waters should this courtesy ensign be the White Ensign (by
analogy with the rule governing the use of the Red Ensign as courtesy by
merchant ships) or should it rather be the Union Flag?
Merrick Bryan-Kinns, 8 September 2004
The answer is that in British waters a foreign warship would fly a White
Ensign if they were to fly a courtesy ensign at all - it's not required by law
that they do, but is always appreciated. Similarly vessels in government
service, but not in their navy, should fly a Blue Ensign as a courtesy ensign.
All other vessels should fly the Red Ensign. Of course warships and government
vessels could fly a Red Ensign if they didn't have the appropriate White or Blue
Ensign. It is an offence under the Merchant Shipping Act to fly a Union Flag
from a ship, other than a commissioned ship of Her Majesty's Royal Navy. An
appropriate course of action for an RN officer who notes a foreign vessel flying
a Union Flag is to first check that no Admiral of the Fleet is visiting (the
only possible reason for a foreign ship to be flying a Union Flag), and then
present the vessel in question with an appropriately sized White Ensign to
replace their erroneous flag, and explain diplomatically that they should not be
flying the Union Flag.
As for the opposite case, a British warship in foreign waters, Queen's
Regulations state that RN ships do not fly courtesy ensigns, but in true British
fashion they sometimes do! They fly the naval ensign of the country they are
visiting. In fact British warships even fly courtesy ensigns in Britain! When a
warship is visiting a port in Scotland or Wales it is quite common for the ship
to fly a saltire or red dragon as a courtesy ensign.
Graham Bartram, 8 September 2004
The Dunkirk Little Ships were those vessels taken up and used during
Operation Dynamo in 1940. They may fly the White Ensign at the jack when at
anchor or in port but not at sea when the normal ensign applies.
Steven Vincent, 10 September 2002
See also: Dunkirk Jack
The wreck of the 'Royal Oak' is now an official war grave and there is an
annual commemoration service. Royal Navy divers go down to the ship and raise a
White Ensign in memory of the 833 crew killed. Are there other examples of flags
being 'raised' under water?
André Coutanche, 15 August 2005
Here is another example: Independent Television News (ITN) reported yesterday
evening, 21 May 2007, on the raising of a White Ensign under the sea, in
Falkland Sound above the wreck of Her Majesty's Ship Ardent and the placing of
two plaques on the wreck:
"FOR THOSE THAT LOST THEIR LIVES ONBOARD HMS ARDENT FOR THE
FREEDOM OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS 21 May 1982"
during the landing of British forces on the islands in the Falklands War.
Colin Dobson, 22 May 2007
Reported on the Royal Navy website:
Following a personal recommendation by the First Sea Lord, Her Majesty the
Queen has graciously approved the presentation of the Sovereign's Colour for the
Royal Navy to the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) in recognition of their continuing
support to the Regular Service. Commodore John Ellis, the Senior Reserve
Officer, said: "This is a tremendous accolade for those who have served in the
RNVR and RNR and for those serving today. The Wavy Navy (RNVR) which was
amalgamated into the RNR in 1958, provided more than 80% of Naval Officers and
Ratings in 1945 and that valiant spirit lives on, with more than 97% of today's
RNR coming from a volunteer civilian background."
It is planned to combine the presentation of the Sovereign's Colour with a
special parade in London to mark the centenary of the Naval Volunteer Reserves
next year.
David Prothero, 21 August 2002
The Royal Naval Reserve does not have its own flag as such. RNR shore
establishments fly the white ensign and the fast patrol boats used by the URNU
are commissioned RN ships. The blue ensign may be used by RNR captains on
merchant ships but I am not aware [in the modern situation] of any examples of commissioned ships being
captained by RNR Officers. Territorial Army personnel are signed out of the TA
and into the Regular Army when deployed on operations. Assuming parity with the
RNR, and on that basis, I cannot imagine ever seeing an RNR Officer as Captain
of a warship. Although theoretically possible (as RN ships fly both an ensign
and pennant) the reference below confirms it is rarely seen in the Service.
A more succinct version of this, below (1), was taken from
http://www.sea-dreamer.com/page.asp?pagename=ensign and the official
version, bottom(2), was taken from
http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3649.
1. The Blue Ensign undefaced is worn by masters of vessels in possession of a
warrant issued by the Director of Naval Reserves, and by the members of certain
yacht clubs. Such warrants are issued to officers in the active or retired lists
of the Royal Naval Reserve and the maritime reserve forces of other Commonwealth
Realms and territories. The master must be of the rank of Lieutenant RN or
above, and fishing vessels must be crewed by at least four other Royal Naval
reservists or pensioners.
2. A variety of defaced Blue Ensigns are worn by Government vessels other than
warships. Undefaced Blue Ensigns may be used by the holder of an Admiralty
warrant which may be granted to the master of a merchant ship who is in the RNR.
Blue Ensigns (defaced or undefaced) are also granted to some civil authorities
and yacht clubs. It is rare to see an undefaced Blue Ensign in military service.
David Clegg, 3 May 2006
More details presented on this page: Naval Reserve Ensign
![[Royal Naval Auxiliary Service Senior Officer]](../images/g/gb~rnxso.gif)
image
by Miles Li
Source: H.M. Stationery Office (1958)
Miles Li, 19 June 2004
Red, white and blue cord was used only on the "Service Colours", which had no Cypher or Crown, approved 5th March 1924, but replaced by the "King's Colour", approved 12th May 1925.
The Colours of Dominion Navies were the same as those of the Royal Navy except for the Royal Indian Navy, which had GRI [George Rex Imperator] as the Cypher, instead of GRV or later GRVI. They were taken to the National Defence Academy in Delhi in December 1950.
ADM 1/20767
A Colour was presented to the Royal Indian Navy in 1935. A problem arose in 1947 when the Navy was divided between India and Pakistan; which navy should have the Colour, supposing that either wanted it? The Colour was taken to Delhi on 10th August, five days before Independence, and lodged in the Defence Academy three years later.
David Prothero, 18, 20 June 2000
The merchant navy is simply that. George V upgraded the Merchant Marine to the Merchant Navy in recognition of their services during WWI.
On 17th July 1918 the Naval Secretary wrote to the First Lord, "King sent for me yesterday and expressed a desire to signalise the war service of the Mercantile Marine by some distinctive recognition. He suggested a red St George's cross fimbriated white on the Red Ensign (see illustration by António Martins, 9 June 2000). This would not be for yachts, only bona fide merchant ships. The blue Ensign might be similarly altered with a red St George's cross fimbriated white." See illustration by António Martins", 9 June 2000.
ADM 1/8530/203.
Had these ever been introduced the dimensions would probably have been more like those of the later Civil Air Ensign. The Admiralty persuaded King George V that this was not a good idea and suggested a number of alternatives, one being an order that in future the Service was to be known as the British Merchant Navy. Later the Prince of Wales was appointed "Master of the British Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets".
The term used before Merchant Navy, was Mercantile Marine, which had in general replaced the earlier term Merchant Service. The first commercial signal code introduced in 1817 was called, Captain Marryat's Code of Signals for the Merchant Service.
David Prothero and Andrew Yong, 6 June 2000
A Board of Admiralty meeting on 18th July 1918 concluded that there was no objection from a purely naval point of view, and appointed the Deputy Chief of Naval Staff and Naval Secretary to consider the historical aspects. On the same day the Head of the Legal Branch wrote that it would not conflict with any foreign flags, but would require amendments to the Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 if it was not to be for yachts, which had in many cases rendered good service. He added that it would also be necessary, if adopted to make fresh provision for badges in the fly of colonial ensigns, and that it was not clear how altering the Blue Ensign would recognise the service of the Merchant Service.
A Board meeting on 25th July advised against the proposals because:-
On the 12th August the Naval Secretary wrote that Captains of the Merchant Service had indicated that sentiment attached to the plain Red Ensign was so great that altering it would be an unpopular idea. Other ideas were floated including a white St George's cross on the Red Ensign, but by 20th August the Admiralty had decided that they were, "averse to any tampering with the Red Ensign".
David Prothero, 10 June 2000
When did the Royal Navy adopt the "shift colours" procedure?
As far as the "colours procedure" is concerned, I can tell you why the practice
started in the RN and roughly when, but not when (if ever) it was formalised?
The wearing of an ensign at 'the peak' as opposed to an ensign staff at the
stern, was introduced because of the replacement of a loose-footed spanker on
the mizzenmast by a gaff sail with a horizontal boom which projected over the
taffrail (and would have knocked it off its staff when the ship was underway).
Whatever date the process started, it can confirm that it was not complete (in
major ships at least) by 1805, since some of the ships which fought at Trafalgar
carried their ensigns at the peak and some from a staff.
With the introduction of 'mastless ironclads' into the battle fleet - from the
1870's onward - the 'necessity' disappeared as fast as new ships could be built
to replace the steam-assisted sailors, but the practice of an ensign on a staff
when moored and from the peak at sea appears to have continued because of
'custom and practice'? With this introduction the practical reason for not
flying a jack whilst underway ceased as well, and I wonder if the RN also took
to flying them underway during the years before 1900?
Christopher Southworth, 1 October 2004
From my own experience as a sea-going commanding officer and 35 years of
Naval service, the following observations on this subject. In modern navies the
shifting of the colours from ensign staff to the masthead gaff was for the
purely practical reason that leaving the ensign staff up (the reason for
shifting the ensign in the first place is to strike the ensign staff) would
interfere with the operation of aircraft (helos) and armament (turrets and ASW
mortars). The only ceremonial involved was that the striking of the ensign at
the ensign staff was not to be done before the ensign at the gaff was close-up.
The ensign at the gaff was usually a storm ensign for obvious reasons. When in
company, this evolution might be ordered by signal by the Officer in Tactical
Command (OTC).
It was also the practice in our [i.e. South African] Navy (issued as an
instruction after one ship managed to shoot its own jackstaff to smithereens) to
strike the jackstaff as soon as the ship has left harbour. To protect it from
foul weather also, even when no shoots are scheduled, the jack staff is struck
and lashed on the forecastle as soon as the ship is at sea.
I have never heard of the jack being flown whilst underway in modern navies
(except of course for ceremonial reasons such as dress ship days or conveying a
head of state). The hoisting and lowering of the jack during the day (that is
other than at the ceremony of Sunset) is today in fact a signal. The jack is
hoisted as soon as the anchor is let go or the first line goes ashore when
coming alongside. Similarly it is struck as soon as the anchor is up and down,
i.e., broken loose from the ground, or the last line is cast off from the quay.
In close waters the lack of a jack flying in a warship (and to some degree in
merchant vessels) is thus a signal to all in the vicinity that the ship is
underway, or when it is flying, that the ship is attached to the land in some
way.
I suspect that these practices also apply in the British Royal Navy for the same
reasons.
Andre Burgers, Cape Town, 1 October 2004
I don't think that, in general, it ever has been officially changed.
Photographs show that RN ships normally leave the ensign on its staff at the
stern, and only occasionally fly it from the mast of a ship with only one mast.
Ships with two masts hoisted the ensign on a gaff at the after mast. Some ships,
destroyers/frigates/ corvettes in WW2, and current mine counter-measure ships
had/have a stub mast on the superstructure between the funnel and the stern on
which the ensign is hoisted, sometimes on a gaff. Hoisting the jack in harbour
was not made an official requirement until 1920, and before that, in some places
and circumstances, was prohibited.
1844 Queen's Regulations; "... and with Union Jacks at bowsprit ends when it
shall be thought proper to display them". It was not until 1913 that "jack
staff" replaced "bowsprit-ends".
1907 Plymouth Station Order Book; "Ships refitting, coaling, giving general
leave, or otherwise out of routine are to hoist ensign only, the jack when
hoisted signifying that the ship is in full routine, and ready for the service
for which she was commissioned."
1920 King's Regulations; "Union Flag is to be worn at the jack staff by all
ships when in harbour, or under way and dressed with masthead flags." It is
thought that this amendment changed a long-standing custom into an official
instruction..
David Prothero, 2 October 2004
The following references to flags appear in, "Regulations and Instructions
Relating to His Majesty's Service at Sea. Established by His Majesty in Council
1808."
Flag Officers.
XXII. "A Flag Officer is never to allow the squadron to carry the Colours
hoisted at sea nor to hoist them in blowing weather in harbour."
XXVI. "If any Flag Officer shall die when on actual service his flag shall be
lowered to half mast and shall continue so until he is buried."
The Captain.
XX. "He is to be very careful of the ship's Colours which are never to be
hoisted at sea except on meeting with other ships, or for the purpose of being
dried; nor are they to be hoisted in harbour in blowing weather."
Of Colours.
I. That Flag Officers are only to carry their own rank flag.
II. That when two Flag Officers of the same rank serve together the
Commander-in-Chief may order either to carry such other flag as he sees fit.
III. About boat flags for admirals.
IV. "Packets employed by the Post Office and having a commander appointed by a
commission from the Admiralty are permitted to carry a Red Ensign, a Jack, and a
Pendant, but no other Pendant."
V. "Merchant ships are to carry a Red Ensign with a Union Jack in canton, and
White Jack with Red Cross, commonly called St George's Cross, passing quite
through it."
VI. "Private Commissions or letters of Marque or letters of Reprisal are to
carry the same Ensign as merchant ships, and a Union Jack with a broad red
border at the end and foot thereof."
VII. "Ships employed by Public Offices carry the same Ensign and Jack as ships
having letters of Marque except that in the fly of the Ensign there shall be
described the seal of the office to which they belong."
VIII. That foreign ships were not to be allowed to ride in ports and roads with
false colours.
David Prothero, 18 February 2005
"Belfast" in London, "Haida" in Toronto, and "Sackville" in Halifax, Nova
Scotia, have I think always been allowed to fly the White Ensign. "Plymouth" and
"Bronington" both in Birkenhead used to fly a White Ensign, the fly defaced with
the words 'Historic Warship', but now have permission to fly the undefaced White
Ensign.
HMS "President" flew the White Ensign while she was the drill ship of the London
Division of the RNVR/RNR, from 1904 until 1988, when the Division moved to
premises at St Katherine's Dock, below Tower Bridge. She was the screw sloop
formerly HMS "Buzzard" until 1922, when the name was transferred to the sloop
formerly HMS "Saxifrage". She was joined by a sister ship HMS "Chrysanthemum" in
1939. Both ships were sold in 1988. HMS "President" should originally have flown
the Blue Ensign. It was, I think, her unchallenged use of the White Ensign that
set a precedent, and led to the White Ensign becoming the official ensign of the
RNVR in 1924.
David Prothero, 9 August 2005
On 15 July 2007, Marie Woolf reported in "The Independent":
"A historic
Union Flag that survived sea battles at the mast of Britain's flagship during
the French revolutionary wars has been saved for the nation after ministers
decided it should not fall into American hands. The 18th-century flag was to be
sold to an American collector until ministers declared it would be a
"misfortune" to allow it to leave the UK. The flag flew on the mast of the
'Queen Charlotte', flagship of Earl Howe, Admiral of the Fleet, during the
battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794. The battle, the first naval clash
of the French revolutionary wars,
was a major victory for the British – and
confirmed the might of British sea power. The flag, which survived intact, was
saved by William Burgh, a midshipman onboard the ship. The great clash is
depicted in a painting by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, where the flag is
shown flying from Earl Howe's mast. [...]
His flag, which last flew on
D-Day during the Second World War and has been in a private British collection
for decades, was judged by experts to be of national importance. A spokesman for
the Department of Culture said. 'This is the only surviving example of a command
flag for the Admiral of the Fleet.' "
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/britains-oldest-surviving-naval-flag-is-saved-for-the-nation-457350.html
The painting "The Glorious First of June", by Philippe-Jacques de
Loutherbourg (1740-1812) is shown on Wikipedia at
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Loutherbourg,_The_Glorious_First_of_June.jpg.
Ivan Sache, 13 May 2009
It is noticeable that the claim made in the headline is not repeated in the
text, and that the flag in the painting of the battle, although theoretically
correct, is different from a photograph of
the real flag. Lord Howe's command flag is probably the second oldest existing
British naval flag, the oldest being the Standard of the Generals at Sea of the
1650s, which is in the National Maritime Museum.
David Prothero, 14
May 2009
![[Jolly Roger flag]](../images/v/vxt-d535.gif)
A Jolly Roger flag, but defaced by a
number of varying symbols dependent upon the type of action and used
unofficially by the submarine service of the British Royal Navy to signify that
the boat flying it had engaged an enemy (see also 'defaced').
It should be further noted that a torpedo attack which resulted in an enemy
vessel being sunk was symbolized by a bar or torpedo, with the number of
successful attacks matched by the number of symbols. A successful gun engagement
was shown by a pair of cross cannons and an enemy plane downed by the silhouette
of an aircraft, with each occurrence being represented by a star. Assistance in
a clandestine operation (the landing of agents or commandos) was marked by the
display of a dagger, with any further such operations calling for either stars
or more daggers.
Christopher Southworth, 22 February
I've come across a fuller list of these defacements, that I copied down from the displays at the RN Submarine Museum at Gosport a few years ago:
Some further symbols:
Grzegorz Skrukwa, 15 April 2002
