Last modified: 2006-01-14 by ivan sache
Keywords: pyrenees-orientales | perthus (le) | pertus (el) |
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![[Flag of Le Perthus]](../images/f/fr-66-lp.gif)
Municipal flag of Le Perthus - Image by Arnaud Leroy, 7 February 2005
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The municipality of Le Perthus (626 inhabitants in 1999; 427 ha)
is located on the border with Spain,
30 km of Perpignan. Le Perthus is indeed the French part of a single
village divided by the border; the Spanish part, called Els Limits,
belongs to the municipality of La Jonquera (Province of Girona,
Catalonia). This odd border dates back to the treaty of Pyrénées,
signed in 1659.
The territory of Le Perthus is made mostly of woods, with a significant
area planted with cork oak.
The pass of Le Perthus is a main point of passage between France and
Spain, and is used by both National Road N11 and the highway A9-E15.
The customs post is dominated by a pyramidal monument by Ricardo
Bofill, dedicated to Catalonia. The Spanish part of Le Perthus is a
huge shopping center; it has 3,500 parking slots, 75 duty-free shops
and 15 restaurants opened all the year round and spreading over 60,000
sq. m.
The early Catalan name of Le Perthus was El Pertus. El Pertus comes
from pertusus, the past participle of the Latin verb pertundere or
pertusiare, to pierce, to drill. Toponyms made on this root are
commonly used to designate a narrow passage or a gap. It was also
claimed that the early name of Le Perthus was El Portus, the pass, but
there is no evidence that such a name ever existed. A text from 881
mentions a place called villare Portus, but its location is unknown.
Conversely, Le Perthus was known in 1306 as Pertusium de parrochia
Santa Maria de Clusa.
The Latin name pertusium gave the very common French toponym Pertuis.
As a common name, pertuis is an ancient word for an opening or a
hole; it is also used as a technical word for openings in locks and
dams. In geography, a pertuis is a neck in a river (for instance the
Seine), or, specially in the west of France, a narrow strait; the
strait between the islands of Ré and Oléron is known as pertuis
d'Antioche.
The municipality of Le Perthus was formed in 1836 by merging the two former municipalities of Les Cluses and L'Albère. The two merged municipalities did not agree with the merging and new administrations were proposed in 1848 and adopted in 1851, with three distinct municipalities. Le Perthus as a municipality dates therefore from 1851.
The pass of Perthus was an important passage through the Pyrénées in
the Roman times. The Via Domitia had two branches, one going through
the pass of Perthus, the other one through the pass of Panissars, both
passes being located today on the municipal territory of Le Perthus. It
seems that Pompeius' trophy, often mentioned in ancient texts, was
built on the pass of Panissars.
The small village of Panissars belonged in the Middle Ages to the
monastery of Arles. A church and a monastery were built there; the
monastery was later transformed into a priory ruled by the monastery of
Ripoll. In the XIIIth century, there was a fighting in the pass of
Panissars between the troops of Pere II of Aragon and Philippe III le
Hardi of France, who supported the King of Mallorca. In 1298, the
negotiations preparing the treaty of Anagni between Aragon and Mallorca
took place in the church of Panissars. In spite of their unsafe
location, the church and priory of Panissars remained a popular place
of cult and pilgrimage until the middle of the XVIIth century, when
Vauban decided their destruction in order to build the fort of
Bellegarde.
A watch tower (height, 20 m, wall thickness, 1.5 m) was built in
Bellegarde in 1285 by Jacques II of Mallorca in order to watch Aragon.
In the XIVth century, Aragon absorbed Mallorca and the tower was ceded
to the local lord, who used it as a customs post.
Vauban decided to suppress it and replace it with a big fortress aimed
at the watch of the border with Spain established by the treaty of
Pyrénées in 1659. The building of the fort lasted from 1668 to 1688,
with a short occupation by the Spanish troops in 1674-1675; the fort is
pentagonal, has 8,000 sq. m of buildings spreading over 14 hectares,
and was served by 1,000 men. The main wall is protected by five
bastions, and there are three level of defense walls (bastions,
rampart, protection walls). The contreforts of Panissars and Le Perthus
were build in 1691 in order to protect the main fort.
The fort of Bellegarde, today disused, was strongly disputed during the
French-Spanish war of 1793-94; after its seizure on 25 June 1793 by
General Ricardos, the fort was besieged by the French Army commanded by
General Dugommier (1736/8-1794) and taken 134 days later on 17
September 1794. The fort never capitulated but had to surrender because
of the lack of food; there was never water shortage since a huge dwell
(diameter, 6 m; depth, 62 m) was dug in 1698. Dugommier, severely
injured during the siege, died a few days later in Figueras and was
buried in the fort. The fort of Bellegarde was then used as a barracks
until the middle of the XXth century.
The population census of Le Perthus was often exaggerated because of
the garrison stationed in Bellegarde; in 1836, Les Cluses and Le
Perthus together had less than 300 inhabitants, whereas the 1851 census
yielded 846 inhabitants for Le Perthus alone.
Sources:
Ivan Sache, 7 February 2005
The municipal flag of Le Perthus, as seen there by Olivier Touzeau in July 2004, is white with the municipal coat of arms in the middle. The image shown above was made after Olivier's recommendations and a document given by the city hall of Le Perthus to Jean-Dominique Bies. It might therefore require correction.
Ivan Sache, 7 February 2005