Rank Flags of the Imperial Navy 1870-1919 (Germany)

Last modified: 2009-05-03 by jarig bakker
Keywords: rank | imperial navyt |
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• Introduction
• Emperor's Broad Pennant (Breitwimpel des Kaisers)
• Empress' Broad Pennant (Breitwimpel der Kaiserin)
• Flag of the Secretary of State for the Imperial Naval Office (Flagge des Staatssekretärs des Reichs-Marine-Amts)
• Flag of the Inspector General of the Navy (Flagge des General-inspekteurs der Marine)
• Flag of the Naval Chief of Staff (Flagge des Chefs des Admiralstabes)
• Chief of Naval Staff; Vice-Admiral
• Chief of Naval Staff; Rear-Admiral
• Grand Admiral's Flag (Grossadmiralsflagge)
• minister of navy later chief of admiralty
• Commanding Admiral (Komandierende Admiral)
• Admiral's Flag 1867 to nowadays (Admiralsflagge)
• Vice Admiral's Flag 1867-1945 (Vizeadmiralsflagge)
• Rear Admiral's Flag 1867 to nowadays (Konteradmiralsflagge)
• Commodore's and Senior Officer's Pennant 1867-1945 (Kommodorestander und Dienstalterstander)
• Flotilla Pennant 1867-1945 (Flotillenstander)
• Division Pennant 1867 to nowadays (Divisionsstander)
• Commissioning Pennant 1867-1945 (War Pennant / Kriegswimpel)
• Task Group Leader Pennant (Führerstander)

• German Empire 1871-1919
• Germany

Introduction

Emperor's Broad Pennant / Breitwimpel des Kaisers

Empress' Broad Pennant / Breitwimpel der Kaiserin

Flag of the State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Office / Flagge des Staatssekretärs des Reichs-Marine-Amts

The admiral's flag with 2 crossed gold anchors in the lower hoist. (Illustrated Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799 and National Geographic 1917 p. 350, no. 595).
Norman Martin, 1998

Flag of the Inspector General of the Navy / Flagge des General-inspekteurs der Marine

The admiral's flag with a red border occupying 1/5th of the length of the flag, outside of the cross. (Illustrated Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799 and National Geographic 1917 p. 367, no. 1016).
Norman Martin, 1998

Flag of the Naval Chief of Staff / Flagge des Chefs des Admiralstabes

The admiral's flag with, at the center, a disk of white in which is contained a rope circle and a downward pointing rope sword. (Illustrated National Geographic 1917 p. 367, no. 1019).
Norman Martin, 1998

In the Admiralty Flag book of 1916 appears an illustration of Imperial Germany's Chief of Naval Staff - shown without any black balls. There is a note beneath this which reads: "As blazoned above, if of Admiral's rank With one or two black balls in Canton or Cantons next the staff, if of Vice Admirals or Rear Admirals rank as for the Admirals flag, Plate 87.
Is saluted according to the rank of Flag Officer as laid down in the International Scale of Salutes."

Plate 87 shows the rank flags of the various Admirals.
- Chief of Naval Staff; Admiral
- Chief of Naval Staff; Vice-Admiral
- Chief of Naval Staff; Rear-Admiral

The earliest illustration of this flag I have seen is the 1905 Flaggenbuch, and presumable these were no longer flown after 1918.
Martin Grieve, 2 Oct 2008

Chief of Naval Staff; Vice-Admiral

Chief of Naval Staff; Rear-Admiral

Grand Admiral's Flag / Grossadmiralsflagge

The admiral's flag with an imperial crown on 2 crossed batons at the center of the flag. (Illustrated Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799 and National Geographic 1917 p. 367, no. 1015).
Norman Martin, 1998

minister of navy later chief of admiralty

In the 1889 edition of Album des Pavillon, plate IV fig.4 shows a square white flag defaced with the Iron cross and 4 red anchors arranged diagonally with flukes toward the centre. It is titled "Chef de l'amirauté"
Perhaps this is "Chief of the Admiralty"? I would appreciate any information on this flag.
Martin Grieve, 5 Oct 2008

In [sig12] flagchart 23; row 4 column 1 I found a very similar flag. I believe it is the same as yours. It is underlined as "Marineminister, später Chef der Admiralität 1865-1869", i.e. "minister of navy later chief of admiralty". As German Empire was established in 1871, it has to be a flag of Prussia or perhaps North German Federation instead. The author Rud SIEGEL was a German admiral.
Therefore I think his underlining is dependable.
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 5 Oct 2008

Commanding Admiral / Komandierende Admiral

Admiral's Flag 1867-1945 and 1956-nowadays / Admiralsflagge

On a white field a narrow Iron Cross whose arms reach the edge of the flag. On a three-master, flown from the top mast by an admiral, from the fore mast by a vice-admiral, from the rear mast by a rear-admiral; on a two-master from the rear mast by an admiral, from the fore mast by a vice-admiral. This flag was probably in use as early as 1867, certainly by the mid 1880s and has continued in use until today, except for the few years in which there was no German Navy, and for East Germany from 1945 until 1990. As far as I know, the complex rule on officer's flags expired with the end of the Empire. Illustrated in Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799, National Geographic 1917 p. 350, no. 596 and Flaggenbuch 1939 p. 4.
Norman Martin, 1998

Until when was the Prussian (later German) Admiralflagge used for all admirals [admirals, vice-admirals and rear-admirals]?.
Santiago Dotor, 10 Oct 2000

Meyer's Encyclopedia early in the century said: Auf Dreimastern führt der Admiral diese flagge im Großtopp, der Vizeadmiral im Vortopp, der Konteradmiral im Kreuztopp; auf zweimastigen Schiffen führt der Admiral sie im hintern, der Vizeadmiral im vordern Mast.
Note that at this time the rank flags with black balls had already been adopted. On 29 October 1904, the usage referred to was discontinued in favor of the black balls. Note that the black balls were already in use for single mast ships.
Norman Martin, 11 Oct 2000

Also on boats and, in the case of the rear admiral's flag, on two-masted ships, according to the Flags of Maritime Nations 1899 and the British Admiralty's Drawings of the Flags in Use at the Present Time by Various Nations 1916. Note that the Admiralty book was still describing the use of the plain Iron Cross flag for all three ranks depending on the mast it was hoisted on 12 years after Norman Martin reports it as having been dropped. I wonder if British naval intelligence was just slow on the uptake or if usage had not caught up with regulations?

Drawings of the Flags in Use at the Present Time by Various Nations 1916 also says that German ships of the 2nd Squadron of the Battle Fleet used red instead of black balls on vice and rear admirals' flags. Flags of Maritime Nations 1870 indicates the same system being used for French, British, and US flag officers - tricolor, St. George, and 13 red and white stripes respectively, flown at main, fore, or mizzen for admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral, with additional charges (stars or balls) added only for use aboard boats and tenders. In Flags of Maritime Nations 1882 the US had dropped this system but UK and France still used it. France had dropped it in Flags of Maritime Nations 1899.
Joseph McMillan, 11 Oct 2000

Regarding naval rank flags in the past, it was common practice until the mid-to-late nineteenth century for admirals of any grade (admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral) to fly the same flag, their grade being distinguished by its being hoisted at the mainmast (admiral), foremast (vice admiral), or mizzenmast (rear admiral). Variations in the basic design were adopted originally for use in boats (where there was no way to differentiate ranks by hoisting the flag at different locations) and later carried over to use aboard ship as developments in ship design progressively eliminated one or two of the traditional three masts. As a result, between about 1860 and 1890 you will find all major navies moving to the modern system of a different flag for each grade.
Joseph McMillan, 16 Oct 2001

Schlawe 1913 - published by Moritz Ruhl, who also published the Flaggenbuch 1905 for the German Navy - shows and describes the vice admiral's and rear admiral's flags with black balls as still used only in ships with less than three masts and in boats. In three-masted ships, Schlawe still has the plain admiral's flag used for all ranks, with distinction between them reflected by hoisting on the main, fore, or mizzen mast. Norman Martin says above that this system was discontinued in 1904, presumably by the Flaggen-, Salut- und Besuchsordnung of that year, which is listed at the beginning of Schlawe 1913 as one of its sources.
Joseph McMillan, 6 Dec 2001

Vice Admiral's Flag 1867-1945 and 1956-nowadays / Vizeadmiralsflagge

The admiral's flag with a black ball in the upper hoist. Used only for one-mast ships during the Empire. This flag was probably in use as early as 1867, certainly by the mid 1880s and has continued in use until today, except for the few years in which there was no German Navy, and for East Germany from 1945 until 1990. Illustrated in Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799, National Geographic 1917 p. 350, no. 597 and Flaggenbuch 1939 p. 4.
Norman Martin, 1998

The diameter of the black disc should be 9/50ths of the flag's height, according to Flaggenbuch 1939.
Santiago Dotor, 25 May 2000

Rear Admiral's Flag 1867-1945 and 1956-nowadays / Konteradmiralsflagge

The admiral's flag with a black ball in the upper hoist and one in the lower hoist. Used only for one-mast ships during the Empire. This flag was probably in use as early as 1867, certainly by the mid 1880s and has continued in use until today, except for the few years in which there was no German Navy, and for East Germany from 1945 until 1990. Illustrated in Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799, National Geographic 1917 p. 350, no. 598 and Flaggenbuch 1939 p. 4.
Norman Martin, 1998

The diameter of the black discs should be 9/50ths of the flag's height, according to Flaggenbuch 1939.
Santiago Dotor, 25 May 2000

Commodore's and Senior Officer's Pennant 1867-1945 / Kommodore- und Dienstalterstander

White swallow-tailed flag with narrow Iron Cross in hoist, extending to inner point of swallow tail. Also used by the senior officer of a unit. This flag was probably in use as early as 1867, certainly by the mid 1880s and continued in use until 1945. Illustrated in Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799, National Geographic 1917 p. 350, no. 600 and Flaggenbuch 1939 p. 5.
Norman Martin, 1998

Flotilla Pennant 1867-1945 (nowadays Squadron Commander Pennant) / Flotillenstander

Same as the Commodore's Pennant, but hung from a point [i.e. displayed with the hoist attached to a crossbar, like a vexillum]. This flag was probably in use as early as 1867, certainly by the mid 1880s and continued in use until 1945. Illustrated Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799 and Flaggenbuch 1939 p. 5. This flag has continued in use by the federal navy for the Squadron Commander although the rank of Commodore no longer exists.
Norman Martin, 1998

Division Pennant 1867-1945 and 1956-nowadays / Divisionsstander

White triangular pennant with narrow Iron Cross in hoist. This flag was probably in use as early as 1867, certainly by the mid 1880s and has continued in use until today, except for the few years in which there was no German Navy, and for East Germany from 1945 until 1990. (Illustrated Crampton 1990 p. 42, Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 1912 vol. 4, facing p. 799, National Geographic 1917 p. 350, no. 600 and Flaggenbuch 1939 p. 4).
Norman Martin, 1998

Commissioning Pennant 1867-1945 and 1956-nowadays / War Pennant / Kriegswimpel

Task Group Leader Pennant / Führerstander

A black-white-red burgee pennant. Schlawe 1913 - published by Moritz Ruhl, who also published the Flaggenbuch 1905 for the German Navy - labels this flag as Führerstander, categorizes it as an Unterschiedungszeichen [distinguishing sign/flag] and describes its use on page 129 as: Wenn zwei oder mehrere Kriegsschiffe - einshl. der Torpedoboote - vorübergehend zu Uebungen oder sonstigem militärischen Zussamenwirken auf Anordnung eines Seebefehlshabers zusammentreten, so hat der mit der Führung beauftragte Offizier für die Dauer der Führung der ihm unterstellten Schiffe auf dem Führerschiff den Führerstander zu setzen, sofern er nicht zur Führung eines Rangabzeichens, des Flotillen- oder des Divisionstanders berechtigt und hierdurch an sich als Führer kenntlich ist.
Which I think means, in summary, that the officer temporarily in charge of a group of two or more ships given a special assignment  -i.e., a task group - flies the Leader's Pennant to identify his ship if he is not otherwise entitled to a rank flag or a flotilla or division command pennant.

This pennant was formerly shown on FOTW as 'Navy Minister's flag' by mistake. Firstly, there was no Navy Minister in the German Empire, the more-or-less equivalent position being State Secretary of the Imperial Navy Office (Staatsekretär des Reichs-Marine-Amts), who was an admiral and had his own flag. Secondly, this burgee is as explained above the distinguishing flag for a task group leader.
Joseph McMillan, 6 Dec 2001